Effects of Carbofuran on Availability of Macronutrients and Growth of Tomato Plants in Natural Soils and Soils Amended with Inorganic Fertilizers and Vermicompost

The effects of lower field rate (LFR), field rate (FR), and higher field rate (HFR) applications of carbofuran on ammonium (NH₄)-nitrogen (N), nitrate (NO₃)-N, available phosphorus (P), and available potassium (K) contents in natural soils and those amended with inorganic fertilizers and vermicompost on the growth of tomato plants were studied. The NH₄-N, NO₃-N, available P, and available K contents increased up to FR but the most significant increase in was observed at LFR of carbofuran application. At HFR there was a significant reduction in nutrient availability. With passage of time all these parameters increase up to 30 days; thereafter, a decrease was observed up to the end of the experiment in both unamended and amended soils. The greater plant growth was observed at LFR of carbofuran application and at HFR the plants exhibited phytotoxicity in the form of marginal leaf scorching in both systems. The morphological growth parameters of tomato plants were positively correlated with nutrients availability.     

32P distribution in white radish roots at various fertilization rates

Abstract

The uptake and distribution of ³²P from labelled monocalcium phosphate by white radish (Raphanus Sativus) roots at five phosphorus fertilization rates were studied.

After on initial period of degradation (approximately 6 weeks), there is a sharp decline of phosphorus uptake. Graphical representation in Tables and Figures of the phosphorus distribution is presented.     

控释氮肥对菜薹(菜心)产量和品质的影响

通过田间试验研究了等氮量的4种不同包膜材料的控释氮肥对菜薹(菜心)产量和品质的影响。结果表明,控释氮肥能显著提高菜心产量和品质,与同期施用等氮量普通尿素相比,施用控释氮肥可使菜心产量提高19.1%～28.2%;其中PDU处理的效果最好,不但产量最高,而且VC和可溶性蛋白质含量也最高,硝酸盐含量最低。     

氮磷钾施肥比例对枣幼树生长、结果和果实品质的影响

 以‘大瓜枣’为试材，用盆栽试验研究了氮磷钾施肥比例对枣幼树生长、结果和品质的影响，结果表明，氮磷钾比例为2∶1∶2时，生长中庸，树形结构合理，可显著提高坐果和产量。氮磷钾比例为2∶1.5∶3时，可显著促进生长，较丰产，可溶性固形物含量高,两种比例均可作为施肥参考。施用有机肥可增进品质。     

基于Fuzzy-Smith控制器的营养液pH值调控系统研究

pH值的控制是水肥一体化营养液循环控制系统的重要环节，水肥控制过程中pH值在最优控制范围内有利于根系的发育以及多数矿物质的吸收。营养液调控过程中，由于循环管路以及酸液的缓慢扩散，使得pH值调节过程存在很大的时滞，传统PID难以取得良好效果。本研究根据被控对象特点，建立了描述该过程的数学模型，设计开发了一套具有二次混肥特性的以MSP430单片机为主控的营养液pH值控制系统。由于参数自整定模糊PID不需要精确数学模型以及Smith预估可对纯滞后进行补偿的特点，开发的系统将参数自整定模糊PID控制引入Smith预估当中，既缓解了滞后时间对控制系统的影响，又对模型的不精确性进行了补偿。为了验证该算法以及系统的有效性和优越性，分别对PID、Fuzzy-Smith控制算法进行仿真测试，同时在不同灌溉量下进行性能试验。试验结果表明，在不同灌溉量下Fuzzy-Smith控制算法pH值的平均最大超调量为0.83%，营养液pH值从8.0调节为6.0的平均时间为157s，优于常规PID控制的2.55%和189s。     

三种鲟鱼血清及组织中磷酸酶和补体活性的比较

对施氏鲟、小体鲟和西伯利亚鲟的血清、肝脏、鳃及肠中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、补体C3及补体C4活性进行了测定和比较.AKP活性在小体鲟鳃和肠中显著高于施氏鲟和西比伯利亚鲟(P＜0.05),而其在三种鲟鱼的肝脏和血清中差异不显著(P＞0.05);ACP活性在小体鲟肠中显著高于施氏鲟和西比伯利亚鲟(P＜0.05),而其在三种鲟鱼的肝脏、鳃和血清中差异不显著(P＞0.05);补体C3活性在小体鲟肝脏和肠中显著高于施氏鲟和西比伯利亚鲟(P＜0.05),而其在三种鲟鱼的鳃和血清中差异不显著(P＞0.05);小体鲟血清中补体C4活性显著高于施氏鲟和西伯利亚鲟(P＜0.05),而补体C4活性在三种鲟鱼的肝脏、鳃及肠中差异不显著(P＞0.05).由此可见,虽然三种同为鲟科鲟属鱼类,但它们之间的AKP、ACP、补体C3及补体C4活性存在着种间差异.     

Dual and Triple Intercropping: Potential Benefits for Annual Green Manure Production

Abstract

Greater species diversity in natural ecosystems increases plant biomass production and stability. Intercropping is an agricultural practice that aims to accrue the benefits of species diversity by growing two or more species simultaneously in the same space. Functional group diversity is considered important for enhancing the beneficial effects of species diversity, but most previous intercropping studies used combinations of only two functional groups. Thus, we used three green manure species from different functional groups: sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.), a C4 grass; crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea L.), a legume; and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), a forb. We examined the effects of intercropping on biomass, nutrient uptake, and their stability using a proportional replacement series in a field experiment for three years with four trials. The aboveground biomass was higher with dual and triple-component intercrops compared with sole crops; however, there were no superior effects of triple-component intercropping over dual-component intercropping. There were also no clear advantages of intercropping in terms of the nutrient uptake amount and stability.     

Nitrate leaching losses under Miscanthus grass planted on a silty clay loam soil

Abstract. Nitrate leaching under newly planted Miscanthus grass was measured for three years. The crop received either no fertilizer-N or an annual spring application of 60 kg or 120 kg N ha^-1. During three winters soil water was collected from porous cup probes installed 90 cm deep. Nitrate leaching was calculated from the mean drain flow recorded in two drain gauges multiplied by the mean nitrate-N concentration in the soil water solutions collected. In the first year soil water nitrate concentrations were high on all treatments and N losses were 154, 187 and 228 kg ha^-1 respectively on the unfertilized treatment and those that received 60 or 120 kg N ha^-1. Leaching losses in the second and third years were, in turn, 8, 24 and 87 kg ha^-1 and 3, 11 and 30 kg ha^-1 for the unfertilized treatment and for the 60 and 120 kg N ha^-1 treatments respectively. Leaching losses were closer to those recorded under extensively managed grassland than arable land. The large losses in the first year were probably due to the previous agricultural management at the site and excessive inputs of N on the fertilized plots. In the second and third year, lower drainage volumes may also have influenced losses. The results show that Miscanthus , once established, can lead to low levels of nitrate leaching and improved groundwater quality compared with growing arable crops.     

Dynamic model for the effects of K fertilizer on crop growth, K-uptake and soil-K in arable cropping. 2. Field test of the model

Abstract. The validity of the model described in Greenwood & Karpinets (1997) was tested against the results of single year, multi level K fertilizer experiments. Measurements of plant mass, %K in the plant and K activity ratio in soil had been made at harvest and at intervals during the growing season on spring wheat, summer cabbage and turnips. Reasonably good agreement was obtained between these measurements and simulated values when the two 'crop' parameters (defining the dependence of critical and maximum possible %K on plant mass) were adjusted for each crop. Also good agreement was generally obtained for plant weight and plant %K at harvest in less detailed experiments on 10 other crops. Values of the two 'crop' parameters for 12 of the crops were strongly correlated with one another suggesting that a single 'crop' parameter may be all that is required to define most inter-species differences in plant-K demand.
Simulations with the model indicate that, in central England, no response of 10 crops to K fertilizer would be likely on soils containing more than 170 mg of 1 M ammonium nitrate extractable-K/kg of soil and having clay contents of between 15 and 45%. Shortcomings of the model and opportunities for advance are discussed.
A simplified version of the model runs on the Internet at: http://www.qpais.co.uk/moda-djg/potass.htm     

肥料减施下玉米-大豆间作对作物产量和昆虫群落组成及多样性的影响

为探究肥料减施下玉米-大豆间作对作物产量和昆虫群落组成及多样性的影响,在玉米、大豆单作及二者间作下施以标准肥料750 kg/hm~2和减半肥料375 kg/hm~2,于作物生长期调查田间昆虫群落组成及多样性,并在收获期对玉米和大豆进行测产。结果表明:与单作玉米相比,间作玉米在施用标准肥料下的百株生物量、百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著增加78.33%、85.35%和38.71%,而在施用减半肥料下则分别显著增加90.91%、135.73%和33.33%;相同种植模式下,与施用标准肥料相比,减半肥料使单作玉米百株籽粒重显著降低22.45%。与单作大豆相比,在施用标准肥料下,间作大豆的百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著降低49.47%和11.54%,在施用减半肥料下,间作大豆的百株生物量、百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著降低73.94%、50.51%和17.39%;相同种植模式下,与施用标准肥料相比,减半肥料使大豆在单作和间作下的百株籽粒重分别显著降低65.02%和65.73%,使间作下大豆的百株生物量和千粒重分别显著降低73.14%和17.39%。与单作相比,间作均显著降低了标准肥料和减半肥料处理下玉米和大豆害虫群落的物种数、多样性指数和均匀度指数,还显著降低了标准肥料和减半肥料处理下玉米天敌昆虫群落的物种数和优势度指数以及大豆天敌昆虫群落的物种数和均匀度指数。表明玉米-大豆间作能有效提高玉米产量,降低虫害发生,但对大豆生产不利,而间作条件下减施肥料对玉米产量的影响更小。建议在田间生产中可将夏玉米和大豆间作种植,更有利于通过生态学方法控制田间害虫发生和增加作物总体产量。